Theories of Policy Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hypotheses of Policy Process - Essay Example The hypothesis suggests a few approaches can possibly change if certain limits like tenacity and stakes of an establishment are accessible. Strategies are ordered into long haul approaches and transient arrangements. A model is if the country’s constitution expresses that a president should govern for two terms it is hard to actualize another approach, which recommends that the president must guideline for one term, or three terms. Punctuated harmony hypothesis tries to clarify straightforward perceptions like political procedures. Political procedures are constantly connected with incrementalism and dependability; they once in a while produce enormous scope takeoffs from an earlier time. Most strategy zones experience balance despite the fact that an emergency can happen. America is encountering huge scope changes in policymaking and governmental issues. Some Government projects can be adjusted so as to suit change. Qualities The hypothesis incorporates times of balance or close to harmony. If an issue is seized by a subsystem and times of disequilibrium, at that point a full scale political plan happens. A large scale political plan can progress to the degree of causing changes in the approach procedure. Thusly, as per this hypothesis little changes bring about enormous changes. Shortcoming The hypothesis is just appropriate to circumstances confronting balance or harmony. If there is no harmony factors and requirement for change, at that point the arrangement neglects to exist. The Stage Heuristic Theory The hypothesis expresses that the most ideal approach to contemplate policymaking is to separate it to stages.

The Tempest Film Essay Example

The Tempest Film Paper Julie Taymor discharges what she should believe, is a ‘hopeful’ adjustment of Shakespeare’s ‘The Tempest’. That’s all it is confident. That's it. The brief looks at innovativeness are exceeded by what appears now and again, a bizarre execution. Immaterial of Prospero experiencing a sex change, Helen Mirren certainly thrives as the female Prospera. Taymor’s change comes as a fascinating turn, putting the character on a corresponding with the abhorrent witch Sycorax †something that, seemingly, Shakespeare’s adaptation neglects to do. Additionally, it is exciting to see the passing on of the mother-girl connection among Prospera and Miranda unfurl, as opposed to the first dad little girl relationship. In any case, for the bigger piece of the film it essentially doesn’t do equity; ‘A respectable cut at the Bard at the end of the day an unacceptable film’ (A. Tracker, Daily Express, March 4, 2011). Over the span of the film, I attempted to stay hopeful. For each time Ben Whishaw skipped around butt-exposed on my screen to my uneasiness as Ariel, for each time the disgusting, out-dated and abused CGI supplemented by the maddening 70’s stone like non diagetic score supported my faculties, and for each time I tried to simply want a storm for Taymor, for discoloring Djimon Honsou‘s pride by giving him a role as an odious Caliban †which might I venture to state John Gorrie’s 1980’s Caliban depicts all the more convincingly I remained quietly hopeful. We will compose a custom article test on The Tempest Film explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on The Tempest Film explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on The Tempest Film explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In any case, at that point it was a lot to hold up under. The peculiarity that bewildered totally was Russell Brand, showing up as, well himself. Brand isn’t appropriate for film. His overdramatic execution as Trinculo could demonstrate successful in a potential stage adjustment, as Shakespeare’s hilarious characters are generally misrepresented. Be that as it may, never on film. It feels that Brand’s throwing is related simply, with the goal of drawing in a more youthful crowd †A type of fraud that even Prospera would be glad for. His very nearness from the presentation appeared parody like. Despite the fact that I attempted, I just would him be able to truly, even as the alcoholic that is Trinculo †a character that ostensibly is nearer adjusted to his genuine character! Exactly when I thought it couldn’t deteriorate Russell Brand, Djimon Honsou and Alfred Molina, all stumble into the edge, being pursued by what appears as though animation hound dogs †skipping and screaming like sensational school young ladies. Essentially monstrous. I was bewildered concerning whether the planned impact was to chuckle with them or at them. I did neither †only shook my head in dismay. â€Å"You can without much of a stretch go toward a path that makes Caliban a joker, however you’re missing when you do that†, cites Taymor in a meeting (when gotten some information about the possibility of playing into generalizations with the characterisation of Caliban). Perhaps, quite possibly, Taymor ought to recognize her own studies, as for this situation she is totally â€Å"missing† in her delineation (a sensation that this has happened before for Taymor need I notice her basically panned adjustment of Spider-Man). Taymor ‘’misses’’ out necessary elements that Shakespeare strived so strongly to set up; the affection loathe relationship (preceding slave driver connection) among Caliban and Prospero, and also, the pivotal epilog, where Prospero demands the crowd to set him free †apparently the scene wherein harmony is convincingly reestablished. In the event that you happen to be in the film, needing to see a convincing film adjustment of one of Shakespeare’s works, and are thinking about this one run. Run as far as possible and don’t think back. In any case, in the event that you are in the organization of intelligent children, and need a harmony between Scooby-Doo type humor and a ‘tragicomedy account Julie Taymor’s ‘The Tempest’ is for you.

Quayle, Dan

Quayle, Dan Quayle, Dan (James Danforth Quayle), 1947â€", Vice President of the United States (1989â€"93), b. Indianapolis. He graduated from DePauw Univ. (1969) and served in the Indiana National Guard (1969â€"75). The son of a prominent Indiana publishing family, he graduated from law school (Indiana Univ., 1974) and then became associate publisher and general manager of the Huntington Herald-Press. In 1976 he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a conservative Republican. In 1980 he was elected to the Senate, defeating three-term incumbent Birch Bayh, and was reelected in 1986. In 1988 Republican presidential candidate George H. W. Bush selected Quayle as his running mate. Although not taken seriously by the media at first, he became an effective speaker for conservative issues. He chaired the President's Council on Competitiveness, which attempted to reduce governmental and environmental regulation on businesses. Renominated in 1992, he attacked the Hollywood media and campaigned vigorously in defense of the Bush administration's record. Bush and Quayle lost the election to Bill Clinton and Al Gore . Quayle mounted an abortive run for the 2000 Republican presidential nomination in 1999. See his memoir, Standing Firm (1994); R. F. Fenno, The Making of a Senator (1989); D. S. Broader and B. Woodward, The Man Who Would be President (1992). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

LOMBARDI Surname Meaning and Family History

Lombardi is a geographical surname for someone who came from Lombardy, a region in northern Italy which got its name from the Lombards, a Germanic tribe who invaded in the 6th century. The name also sometimes was used to denote immigrants from other parts of northern Italy. Even today, the name is most prevalent in the city of Milano in Lombardia, Italy. Alternate Surname Spellings:  LOMBARDO, LOMBARDINI, LOMBARDELLI, LOMBARDY, LOMBARD Surname Origin:  Italian Famous People with the LOMBARDI Surname Vince Lombardi - legendary football coach of the Green Bay Packers; the National Foot Ball Leagues Super Bowl trophy is named in his honorJohnny Lombardi - Canadian pioneer of multicultural broadcastingErnie Lombardi - Major League Baseball player Fun Facts About the LOMBARDI Surname Lombardis, the first pizzeria in the United States, opened in 1905 as the birth place of New York style pizza.   Where is the LOMBARDI Surname Most Common? The Lombardi surname is found most prevalently in Italy, according to surname distribution data from Forebears, where it ranks as the 20th most common last name in the country. It is also somewhat common in Argentina and Brazil. In the United States, Lombardi families are found in greatest numbers in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Surname data from  WorldNames PublicProfiler  also demonstrates the prevalence of the Lombardi surname in Italy. Although the name originated in Lombardia, the numbers are now greatest in the Molise region, followed by Basilicata, Toscana, Campania, Puglia, Lazio and then Lombardia. Lombardi is also a fairly common name in Tessin, Switzerland. Genealogy Resources for the Surname LOMBARDIMeanings of Common Italian Surnames Uncover the meaning of your Italian last name with this free guide to Italian surname meanings and origins for the most common Italian surnames. Lombardi  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Lombardi family crest or coat of arms for the Lombardi surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. LOMBARDI Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Lombardi ancestors around the world. Search the forum for posts about your Lombardi ancestors, or join the forum and post your own queries.   FamilySearch - LOMBARDI GenealogyExplore over 600,000  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Lombardi surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GeneaNet - Lombardi  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Lombardi surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. Ancestry.com: Lombardi SurnameExplore over 300,000 digitized records and database entries, including census records, passenger lists, military records, land deeds, probates, wills and other records for the Lombardi surname on the subscription-based website, Ancestry.com. ----------------------- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to  Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

The World Since World War II Essay - 1739 Words

Often times, natural disasters in the United States get large public media attention for several months. This can be seen in 2005 with Hurricane Katrina or in 2012 with Hurricane Sandy. There were hundreds of people across the country willing to donate food, clothing, and blood for months. However, in contrast the 2011 Tohuku earthquake in Japan received little attention publicly, but still received aid from the United States military. Often times, natural disasters are the first considered for needs of Humanitarian aid, however, that is quiet limiting to the various situations of different states. People of countries could be dealing with health issues, in-state war or external war, as a natural lack of wealth among the people. While many Americans feel that they are responsible for being the superhero of the world since World War II, there is also a strong sentiment that there should be little involvement in external affairs and let the states take their course, whether that be goo d of bad for the individuals within it. This notion is horrendously outdated in the current global standing of the United States. With as much wealth that is available in the United States, it should be expected that the responsibilities of the United States, as well as other developed countries, is to fulfill the requests made by the United Nations Higher Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) at the minimum, regardless of what state an individual is born to. When considering this idea, there areShow MoreRelatedThe Crisis Since World War II977 Words   |  4 Pagesshaking building to tumble to its death. Screams can be heard amidst the chaos. No, this isn’t the setting of a bad dream, or even the plot of a scene depicting the throws of war. Terror, violence, and bloodshed, mark the reality of the civil war in Syria, which some claim is the biggest humanitarian crisis since World War II. It seems like everyone has an opinion regarding what strides should be taken to resolve the issue, but no one answer can solve the problem at hand. The conflict in Syria hasRead MoreSyria s Refugee Crisis Since The World War II1017 Words   |  5 PagesThe world has not seen a disaster quite as extreme as Syria’s refugee crisis since the event of World War II. With civil unrest and violence disfiguring the nation into a place where only destruction is promised, the state of Syria has forced millions of people out of their homes with no choice but to flee. Without a secure destination ahead, the war is just one problem out of the many that refugees will come face-to-face with on their road to safety. Many countries have voiced their position onRead MoreRealism vs. Idealism: How American Foreign Policy Has Changed Since World War Ii2592 Words   |  11 PagesPolicy Has Changed Since World War II Throughout the first 125 years of her history, the United States was, for the most part, an isolationist nation. After the onset of two world wars, however, America moved from an isolationist stance to become one of the world’s two superpowers. This stance would remain for almost 50 years, until the Soviet Union would come crashing down, leaving America standing as the lone superpower. But how did American foreign policy influence the world over those 50 yearsRead MoreThe Recession Since World War II Essay1228 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Recession period was between the end of 2007 and the middle of 2009, which makes it the lengthiest recession since World War II. The gross domestic product (GDP) fell 4.3% from its peak in the fourth quarter of 2007 to its trough in the second quarter of 2009, the largest decline in the post-war period. The rate for unemployment was 5 % at the end of 2007 and increased to 9.5% in the middle of 2009 and reached 10 % in October 2009. The credit crunch had many effects on the economy. OneRead MoreThe Yugoslav Wars: The Greatest Conflicts Since World War II Essay3160 Words   |  13 PagesEurope’s deadliest conflict since World War II, the Yugoslav Wars (also known as the Wars of Yugoslav Succession, the Yugoslav Civil War, or the War in the Balkans) were a series of wars fought in the former Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. Though the entire conflict can be divided up into four distinct wars, they are related due to their common origin and the presence of the same ethnoreligious groups in the multiple wars. These wars have become notorious due to the atrocious war crimes and crimes againstRead MoreInto the Pulpit: Southern Baptist Women and Power Since World War II, by Elizabeth Flowers3109 Words   |  13 PagesInto the Pulpit: Southern Baptist Women and Power Since World War II, by Elizabeth Flowers, as the title suggest, is a historical account of women and their treatment in the Southern Baptist Conve ntion from the mid 1940’s to present. Flower’s work revolves much around the well accounted for story of the SBC conflicts of the late 20th century, however, providing the often untold story of women in ministry and particularly their mistreatment. The book is broken up chronologically, chapter one andRead MoreDbq Causes of Wwii1581 Words   |  7 PagesDBQ: Causes of WWII During the period previous to World War II causes that led to World War II included German attempt of imperialism in Europe, pro-appeasement ideologies towards German military expansion, and ignoring con-appeasement ideologies towards German military expansion. Documents1, 3, and 4 support the idea that one of the causes that led to World War II included Germany’s attempt of imperialism. Document 1, an excerpt from Mein Kampf by Adolf Hitler, explains some of Hitler’s ideasRead MoreThe Bombing Of Pearl Harbor1558 Words   |  7 Pagesviolence that World War II started. Not many will look beyond the viewpoint of Pearl Harbor being attacked and many innocent people being killed, or the idea that it is the reason that the U.S. joined World War II. What most do not see is that there were benefits that did come out of Pearl Harbor, which did improve society. The bombing of Pearl Harbor was a tragic day in history, society benefited because the U.S. Navy was proven to be the world’s greatest navy, once World War II ended an economicRead MoreCauses and Consequences of World War II777 Words   |  3 Pages World War II: Causes and Consequences On September 1, 1939 World War II started after Adolf Hitler signs the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler shortly attacks Poland, not keeping his promise. Shortly after the attack France and Britain declare war on Germany. Hitler was the cause of World War II since he broke the treaty causing other countries like Britain and France to declare war. Hitler kept all the Jews in concentration camps because he thoughtRead More The Eye of the Hurricane986 Words   |  4 Pagesstatus, since it maintained its trade with Germany. Switzerland’s struggle against fascism stemmed from its fundamental disagreement with the Nazi ideology. With a total land mass of 41,284 square kilometers, Switzerland is one of Europe’s smaller countries. Although landlocked and mountainous, several large lakes form natural borders. As a country, it supports several nations of people, and four official languages: German, French, Italian, and Romansch (Facts About Switzerland). Since politicians

Different Paradigms for Analysing Organisation Free Essays

string(163) " learning and skill acquisition, as well as information sharing, which may be particularly important in conditions of growing economic uncertainty \(Wagner et al\." Organisations that are increasingly becoming flatter owing to the growing popularity and importance of team work for effectiveness in performance and high performance goals to obtain competencies so as to meet challenges in the business environment. With the growth in complexity in the internal and external business environment, organisational structural changes have become highly complex as well. When it comes to analyzing organisations several complex issues and areas prevent an easy analysis to take place. We will write a custom essay sample on Different Paradigms for Analysing Organisation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Such complexities emerge from the multi—agent nature of the organisational activities, where several personnel belonging to different departments come to interact cross-sectional to perform activities therein producing the scope for team work (Scott, 2001). However, organisations at present, despite of the growth in the use of team work and the, at times, essential use of team work, still use conventional hierarchical structures which is another source complexity. Organisations in the midst of managerial and commercial challenges face structural complexities (Amiguet, et al. , 2002). The paper attempts to produce the insight into how the organizations can be analysed upon different basis so as to generate the implications and scope for the effective use of teamwork in the organisations for each of the element and basis used in the analysis. The theories that emerge from social sciences indicate graphical representation of organisations and are often termed as ‘informal’ (Morgan, 1996; Mintzberg, 2001). They are used in analyzing organizations widely but they fail to provide a very detailed structural view of the organisation and create an abstract level evaluation. The detailed dynamics that are found to exist, especially in the modern organisations that are equally important for the use of team work in organisations are largely left out and failed to be evaluated using the social sciences framework (Dastani, et al. , 2004). However, the models hailing from their background of social sciences the importance of explicit modelling of agents and their underlying interactions and coordination within the organisational work flow and lines of authority is recognized immensely (Lomi and Larsen, 2001; Ferber, et al. , 2003). This is so because the environment that includes the performance stimulating and performance deviating forces and factors and the role of agents functioning within the rganisation at an inter-departmental level, influence greatly the effective use of team work in organisations and the effective performance in general (Dastani, et al. , 2004). There are basically 4 key sociological perspectives introduced by Burrel and Morgan (1979) upon which organizations can be modeled and analyzed that form the fundamental element of the paper followed by a thorough discussion upon the key implications for the use of teamwork and how teamwork prevails under the operational system in the organisations base d on the modeling of organisations framed using the analysis. The framework created by Burrel and Morgan (1979), which is the prime focus of the paper, provides different ways of thinking based on both extreme points in theory of society: regulation – importance and effectiveness of order and consensus in the society; And Radical Change – significance of conflict and transformations in development, the importance of creating mobility. These paradigms are also assessed by the subjectivist and objectivist approach. Principles And Paradigms For Analysis Of Organisations The way that organisations are structured makes significant impact to the overall efficiency and effectiveness in performance targets of those organisations as the inter-departmental links and coordinates and the communication channels within the organisation, determines to a great extent the efficiency in the work flow and the execution of the several underlying business processes. As the organisations maintained significant structural changes in order to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage, organizational networks of task-focused teams was created for leading to flatter organizational structure. Teamwork emerged as facilitators in achieving positive, cost-effective satisfaction and staff retention (Grif?n et al. 2001, Heywood Jirjahn 2004 quoted in Xyrichisa Reame; 2008). Modern organisations are seldom following well rounded use of technologically and mechanically operating systems in the work processes as dynamic and matrix systems hat combine the several process and departmental groups together for the execution of projects that break the traditional lines of authority and spans of control. Such modern organisations are termed as â€Å"non-linear† in their behavior and present complexity in analysis (Scott, 2001). Different paradigms provide range of different ways of understanding teams and efficiency of teamwork within an organisation such as, importance of stimulating the support and commitment of employees to team working and organizational objectives by providing them more autonomy, and unity in the workplace, creating opportunity and ‘desire for a more enriched work experience’. Knights and McCabe 2003) or defining team working as a tool or technology that makes individuals simply subjects that guarantee their sense of meaning and importance of working as a team. Currently, teamwork have become as a prominent specification of a broader management fashion â€Å"in the direction of decentralised, flexible networks† that allegedly promote â€Å"a culture of expression and involvement† (Reed, 1992: 227, 229; quoted in Ezzamel and Will mott 1998), claiming it to be â€Å"currently the most popular form of organizational restructuring† (Barker and Tompkins, 1994: 224; quoted in Ezzamel and Willmott 1998). Mueller (1994: 386) describes teamwork as a work coordination that provides â€Å"re-align individual motivation with organizational rationality†. Evaluating the beliefs in managerialist perspective, the dominant assumption about the teams is that, they are ‘’instruments for redesigning the job’’ through increasing commitment, that do not consider individual preferences, personalities, and behaviours. (Partington and Harris, 1999) Mainstream – Functionalist approach directly focuses on the importance of teams. In this perspective team work is assessed as one of the essential elements of creating efficient organisation. ‘’No distinction is made between the use of mechanisms of organization to coordinate complex divisions of labor and their use to control and legitimize structured social inequalities of wealth and status. ’’ (Ezzamel and Willmott, 1998) The management literature has been found a lot of assumptions and analysis about the teams and team work in organisation as being a source of motivation for employees and job satisfaction, therefore increased performance. Furthermore, it provides opportunities for employees in terms of learning and skill acquisition, as well as information sharing, which may be particularly important in conditions of growing economic uncertainty (Wagner et al. You read "Different Paradigms for Analysing Organisation" in category "Papers" 1997; Wall et al. 2002; Vaskova 2007; quoted in SKOPE research paper 2009). Between the economic objectives of designing teamwork in organisations can be stated the incorporation of the management responsibility with the teamwork and removing the demarcation. Project teams get together number of employees rom completely different divisions and hierarchical levels of organisation for the particular objective. Increased job satisfaction, increased motivation between the employees, understanding around the meaningful work and its positive influence to the job performance are considered to be social or business objectives of the teamwork. Cultural objectives of teamwork refer to the rheto ric around understanding if the teams based on norms and values in organisations, ‘’we’’ feeling – corporate vision, mission statement and the like. There is great attention to the increasing efficiency and importance of team work in the literature and many authors have undertaken several pieces of researches that aimed to identify the major elements of effective team in organisations. The efficiency of team working in different cultural and organizational settings, operations and achieving the objectives depends on a number of various factors, such as, specifications of task, group composition, organisational context and other contingencies. The advantages of teamwork are often represented to a greater extent as an empowerment for employees, as teams provides them a degree of supervisory and managerial responsibility for the organization of their work facilitated through â€Å"individual responsibility and team accountability† (Tjosvold, 1991: 35; quoted in Ezzamel and Willmott 1998) Contrary to the authors of functionalist accounts, some fundamental researches on the literature suggest that use of teamwork is merely is a modern continuation of the rationale of Taylorism. Dohse et al. 1985; Berggren 1992; Thompson and McHugh 1995; Vidal 2007) In humanistic perspective ideology of teamwork is gives an emphasis on autonomy of the employees in the work and the responsibility. ‘’ †¦ that the incorporation of managerial responsibilities within team working will be welcomed by employees as an unconditional bene?t and that its refusal is irrational because it violates their essential human needs. â€⠄¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Ezzamel and Willmott, 1998: 5) However, Knights and Knights and McCabe (2000) show that, team membership is not merely responsibility that brings autonomy, it also means pressure for the members in many cases. Different forms of team can be created by management directive. They can vary in terms of the outcomes that they are expected to achieve, the level of decision making responsibility as most of them have little autonomy for decision making, size of the teams, work cycle, degree of integration with other units and the like. One of the major problems with the assumptions about teams and teamwork is that, ‘’both advocates and critics of teams tend to present them as a ‘package’ in which task functions, value-orientations and capacity for self- governance are all mutually reinforcing’’ (Thompson and McHugh 2009) As it is emphasized by Thomson and Wallace (1996) teams can vary in the forms and sizes, as an implication of a range of factors and components in it.. Three dimensions of these factors can be identified for analysing the efficiency of teamwork. Multi – dimensional approach to the team working helps to identify and understand more clearly various types of managerial goals and configuration of their practices. These dimensions are related with the governance – in terms of devolve decision making, delegated powers, self – regulation. There are some researches in literature that states the importance of self- regulation in teamwork in terms of both in terms of increased productivity and employee welfare. High degree of control over the teams causes the discretion and prevents personal initiatives at work. Second dimension of the teamwork is concerned with the issues that related to normative motives – shared purpose within the teams, cultural cohesion and technical issues, in terms of flexibility, integration and the like. ‘’†¦ team working is a move away from the hierarchical command and control workplace, and the decisive means of empowering the employee [24, p. 30]. But most acknowledge that even in the more advanced initiatives, â€Å"there is seldom talk of democracy† [11, p. 25]. Expanded responsibilities and self-regulation, in whatever degree, is a functional requirement of the new production environments rather than a goal of participation and involvement. ‘’ (Thomson and Wallace; 1996) Knights and McCabe (2000) suggest critical approaches to the assumption on understanding and effectiveness of teamwork that is illustrated by mainstream perspective, criticizing autonomous team concept is not realized, it did not displaced the rigidity of bureaucratic system in organisations. Teamwork does not decrease the control over the employees, change in the direct control and managing through responsible autonomy does not mean less supervision, it cause a less visible but equally constraining form of normative control, that encourages employees to internalise managerial definitions of organisational goals (Grenier 1988; Barker 1993; Graham 1995; quoted in SKOPE research paper 2009). ‘’However, teams did not always have autonomy. In 83 per cent of the workplaces with team working, teams were given responsibility for specific products and services, and in 61 per cent they could jointly decide how work was done. However, in just 6 per cent they were allowed to appoint their own team leaders. ’’ (Kersley et al. , 2007; 17-18; quoted in Thompson and McHugh 2009) Furthermore, state that ideal model of teamwork is over simplistic and is assumed in isolation from very important contextual factors that in essence, shapes it. One of the most important points of the effectiveness of teamwork is about task discretion. Both perspectives have impressive range of evidences about the implications of task discretion to the employee motivation. Optimists suggest that, the task discretion is the sign of high employee commitment and high productivity. On the other hand, there are powerful criticisms about this approach, concerned that, the task discretion declines the autonomy of the employees at work and creates danger for their well-being. However, independent work groups, based on the concepts such as job enrichment and re-designing creates an opportunity for employees for decision making on operational issues and various levels of integrated organisational skills, and also more flexible working in more integrated divisions of labour. How to cite Different Paradigms for Analysing Organisation, Papers

Sustainability Accounting and Reporting Process

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability Accounting and Reporting Process. Answer: Introduction: The key objective of this particular assignment is to summarize and analyze the important insight from the source article. It encompasses the fundamental arguments in the article and to utilize the understanding as a base for designing a study project on sustainability reporting and accounting (Adams, 2013). The article articulates on the present aspects of ethics, sustainability reporting and accounting which primarily engrosses with those entities appealing to report and manage their sustainability performance. In this aspect, the journal attempts to address the importance of engaging with entities in pursuit of enhanced sustainability performance and accounting. Engagement study in sustainability reporting and accounting has the prospective to enhance practice, theorizing, and the sustainability performance of companies since it refers to all concerns that may be encompassed in an organization's sustainability report. The article discusses that environmental and social reporting hypothesis have been established without engaging companies that do sustainability recording regardless of finding out that the practice of reporting, participants attitudes and business philosophy play a significant part in defining the magnitude of accountability discharge through business disclosures (Ball, Grubnic, and Birchall, 2014). Companies are required to ensure that they maintain proper sustainability in their financial statements and recording that demonstrates how they report and manage their sustainability performance. Most of the organizations have shifted from the distinct terms of environmental and social reporting and accounting in favor of embracing unclear terms of sustainability reporting and accounting. This journal also presents a special concern which basically engages with organizations that practice the aspect of sustainability accounting and accountability. Companies all over the world use sustainability reporting and accounting so as to uphold the status of the company or even follow their general objectives. Management capture can be apprehended as the ultimate elucidation of corporate social responsibility by executives and the consequent resolution making in a restrained fashion that is steady with company goals of maximizing the wealth of the shareholders (Bebbington, Unerman, and Dwyer, 2014). The presence of management capture of corporate business responsibility suggests that deliberately efforts to widen corporate responsibility of companies are not likely to be successful. The challenges of engaging with organizations in pursuit of improved sustainability accounting and performance have prompted the difficulty of management reality, launching opportunities and risks for entities. In the past two decades of sustainability accounting and performance in management practices have basically refined the basic apprehension of the relationships between business success and sustainability aspect of firm because management accounting is considered to be an essential system utilized for preparing, generating and offering information for recognizing decision circumstances and enlightening decisions (Fonseca, Macdonald, Dandy, and Valenti, 2014). Building on the significance of this data, sustainability reporting and accounting have received significant consideration in the last ten years. Academics must engage with companies in pursuit of enhanced sustainability performance and accounting. Building on the relevance of this information, such engagements is viewed as having a significant effect not only on teaching students but also in applying for knowledge scholarship from research activities to forms of professional or management practice. It increases the effectiveness of public policy and services thus assist firm in enhancing the quality of life, health, and creative output (Gray, Adams, and Owen, 2014). In the light of the global financial crisis, the economic recession of most recent years and global environment, political and social challenges, diverse researchers in management and business schools have basically come under intensifying pressure to engage with the problems and dilemmas of the globe in which they operate. Academics that engages with businesses in pursuit of enhanced sustainability performance and accounting is important because it fosters global economic performance of companies. The role of accounting academics is often to assists diverse firms to initiate and maintain the aspect of corporate social responsibility (Joseph, 2012). Engaging with academics may involve mutual learning between companies and practitioners that allow businesses to inform new theories and academic theory to inform managers. Most of the companies globally will be able to utilize the knowledge instigated by the researchers to expand their respective business thus increasing their optimal revenues. Academics should be encouraged to engage in the pursuit of enhanced sustainability performance and accounting in businesses because it assists secure accessibility and increasing responsiveness of sustainability data. The benefits of the use and availability of sustainability data for business success is largely undoubted both for internal use and external communication because it enables firms to meet their set objectives (Ioannou, and Serafeim, 2016). Due to the information volume, makers of the decision of numerous levels tend to emphasis on the form of information that plainly adds to their major work, thus leaving a predominant perspective to the sustainability controlling unit. The number of big firms that on a regular basis report on their overall impact on improved sustainability accounting and reporting has drastically increased both in extent and in the complex. Diverse accounting community has historically viewed sustainability accounting and reporting as falling outside the traditional accounting study realm. Conversely, it is increasingly recognized that sustainability accounting and reporting is being adopted and used broadly that those individuals working in finance or accounting areas will remain ignoring the aspect at their own risk. This research study is basically to examine and explore whether the distinctive and more progressive process of improved sustainability accounting and reporting are possible in public sector industries (Lodhia, and Hess, 2014). The findings suggest that the existence of an intense communication activity through reporting media that are considered to be different from the traditionally improved sustainability accounti ng and reporting reports. In addition, these particular reports seem to be coupled with real organizational strategies and operational activities within Newcastle Port Company, Australia. The purpose of this particular research is to present a case for study in sustainability reporting and accounting in Newcastle Port Company claiming to report and manage their sustainability performance. Moreover, the study reviews the contribution on this particular issue. This perspective is necessary because it also provides an analysis and critique of the engagement study extent in the basis of sustainability reporting and accounting (Milne, and Gray, 2013). It basically draws in the administration field, critical accounting and management accounting so as to present an instance for advanced study engagement with sustainability reporting and accounting practice. The exploration of improving sustainability reporting and accounting will be accomplished by carrying out an intra-industry field study of Newcastle Port Company situated in Australia responsible for the distribution of water and the collection and water treatment. This particular research will apply descriptive study design which describes data and characteristics about the phenomenon being studied. According to Lodhia, and Hess (2014), descriptive research is the process of collecting data with the main objectives of describing an activity. The study will adopt this research design in order to enable the researcher to investigate the influences on improved sustainability accounting and reporting within Newcastle Port Company. The data used will be collected from diverse sources like Newcastle Port Company financial statements and Australian Stock Exchange website. Documents analyzed included company annual reports and accounts from 2011 to 2016, sustainability accounting reports wh en accessible as well as different disclosed documents that describe environmental management in the enterprise (Rinaldi, Unerman, and Tilt, 2014). Conducting the research on this particular phenomenon is vital because it will contribute to the effectiveness of business transactions by companies and ensure that the aspect of corporate social responsibility is upheld. This is essential for both academic and practices because it will instigate proper understanding of the influences and importance of sustainability reporting and accounting in practice. Extent to which the research project addresses the concerns raised in the source article Building on the relevance of this research project, it attempts to address the significant impact of the company utilizing the aspect of sustainability reporting and accounting in their operations because a lack of sustainability reporting could result to think that these firms are not responsive to external demands (ODwyer, Owen, and Unerman, 2011). Illustrating on the approaches and hypotheses of other discipline and the study in the exceptional issue, the degree to which the study project addresses the concerns raised in the source article is that the research attempts to present a way forward for academics engaging with companies that practice sustainability reporting and accounting. Engaging study in sustainability reporting and accounting has a prospective to enhance practice, theorizing and the sustainability accounting and reporting thus addressing the concerns raised in the source article. Engaging with organizations is often required so as to recognize how management and ac counting systems may decrease their undesirable sustainability impact. Sustainability reporting and accounting has become a progressively common exercise in firms attempt to react to criticism and expectations from the company shareholders who seek to be better conversant about the environmental and social influence of the business undertakings. Much of the study in this field of accountability and sustainability reporting and accounting has been inspired by an apparent issue for the natural situation (Williams, Wilmshurst, and Clift, 2011). The journal offers a study and assessment of the magnitude of engagement study in the area of accountability and sustainability accounting which basically draws management accounting and critical accounting so as to offer the case for advanced study engagement with sustainability reporting and accounting practice. Bibliography Adams, C., 2013. Sustainability reporting and performance management in universities: Challenges and benefits.Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal,4(3), pp.384-392. Ball, A., Grubnic, S. and Birchall, J., 2014. 11 Sustainability accounting and accountability in the public sector.Sustainability accounting and accountability, p.176. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B., 2014.Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Fonseca, A., Macdonald, A., Dandy, E. and Valenti, P., 2011. The state of sustainability reporting at Canadian universities.International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education,12(1), pp.22-40. 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